Remote Pilot Responsibilities and Best Practices FAQ

Welcome to our comprehensive FAQ on remote pilot responsibilities and best practices. Whether you're a new drone pilot, an experienced operator, or a professional commercial drone pilot, this guide will help you navigate European drone regulations and ensure safe, legal, and responsible flights.

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Fundamental Concepts and Definitions

1. Do I need a license to fly a drone in Europe?
Yes, all drone operators in Europe need to complete a certification process to fly legally. For drones weighing over 250g or equipped with a camera, you must register as an operator and pass the applicable training and exam for your category of operation: Open, Specific, or Certified. For most hobbyists, the Open Category applies, which requires completing online training and passing a basic knowledge test for the A1/A3 subcategory. Always ensure you meet the certification and registration requirements for your drone's weight and intended use. (Reg 2019/947 Art. 4, 5)

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2. What is the Open Category, and can I fly my drone under it?
The Open Category is for low-risk drone operations that meet specific conditions, such as flying within visual line of sight (VLOS), at a maximum altitude of 120m (394ft), and away from people or restricted areas. It is divided into subcategories (A1, A2, A3) based on proximity to people and drone weight. Most recreational pilots operate under this category. Ensure you comply with the specific rules for your subcategory. (Reg 2019/947 Art. 4)

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3. What is the 120m altitude limit, and why is it important?
European regulations limit drones to a maximum altitude of 120 meters (394 feet) to ensure they remain safely separated from manned aircraft. This limit applies to all operations unless explicitly authorized to exceed it under the Specific or Certified categories. Always monitor your altitude and use flight planning tools to stay compliant. (Reg 2019/947 Art. 4)

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Basic Requirements and Restrictions

4. Can I fly my drone near an airport?
No, flying near airports is strictly prohibited unless you have specific authorization. Airports are considered "geo-zones" with restricted airspace to ensure the safety of manned aircraft. Always check local airspace maps and avoid flying within these areas unless granted special permission under the Specific or Certified categories. (Reg 2019/947 Art. 15)

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5. How do I check if my flight location is legal?
Use official drone airspace maps or apps provided by your national aviation authority to check for restricted zones, geo-zones, or other flight limitations. Geo-awareness tools integrated into drones also help you comply with local regulations. Staying informed about your flight area is crucial to avoid violations.

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6. Can I fly my drone over people?
Flying directly over people is prohibited in most cases unless your drone falls under the A1 subcategory of the Open Category and is lightweight (less than 250g). For heavier drones or closer proximity, additional training and operational restrictions apply under the A2 subcategory. Always prioritize safety and avoid overflight unless explicitly permitted. (Reg 2019/947 Art. 4)

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Day-to-Day Operational Concerns

7. What happens if I lose visual line of sight (VLOS) during a flight?
Maintaining VLOS is mandatory under the Open Category. If you lose sight of your drone, you must immediately return it to a safe location or activate its return-to-home (RTH) function. Losing VLOS can result in legal penalties and safety risks. Consider using a spotter if visibility conditions are challenging. (Reg 2019/947 Art. 4)

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8. Can I fly my drone at night?
Night operations are allowed in the Open Category if the drone is equipped with proper lighting to maintain visibility and orientation. Ensure your flight complies with other operational limits, such as altitude and proximity to people or restricted areas. Always prioritize safety during night flights. (Reg 2019/947 Art. 4)

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Specific Scenarios and Commercial Operations

9. How do I obtain authorization for flying in a restricted area?
To fly in restricted areas, such as geo-zones near critical infrastructure, you must apply for authorization through your national aviation authority. This typically involves submitting a risk assessment and operational plan under the Specific Category. Approval may take time, so plan ahead. (Reg 2019/947 Art. 15)

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10. What are the requirements for commercial drone operations?
Commercial operators often fall under the Specific or Certified categories, requiring a detailed operational risk assessment, additional certifications, and insurance. You must demonstrate compliance with specific safety standards and operational procedures. Consult EASA regulations and your national aviation authority for guidance on your intended operation. (Reg 2019/947 Art. 5)

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Critical Safety Information

11. What are the penalties for flying a drone illegally? Penalties for non-compliance vary by country but can include fines, confiscation of equipment, or suspension of operator privileges. Serious violations, such as endangering aircraft or people, may lead to criminal charges. Always follow regulations and prioritize safety to avoid legal consequences. (Reg 2019/947 Art. 15)

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12. How can I ensure safe drone operation? Follow these best practices:

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  Always maintain visual line of sight (VLOS).
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  Check for restricted zones or geo-zones before flying.
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  Respect the 120m altitude limit.
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  Avoid flying over people or crowds.
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  Conduct pre-flight checks of your drone and equipment.
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  Monitor weather conditions and avoid flights in high winds or rain.
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  Practice emergency procedures, such as return-to-home (RTH).

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Advanced Compliance and Certification Topics

13. How do I conduct a risk assessment for Specific Category operations? Risk assessments under the Specific Category involve identifying potential hazards, evaluating their likelihood and severity, and implementing mitigation measures. Use the Operational Risk Assessment (ORA) framework provided by EASA to structure your assessment. This is a critical step in obtaining approval for higher-risk operations. (Reg 2019/947 Art. 11)

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14. What is the Certified Category, and who needs it? The Certified Category applies to high-risk operations, such as autonomous flights or carrying hazardous payloads. It requires a certified drone, licensed operators, and compliance with stringent safety and airworthiness standards. This category is typically used for complex commercial applications. Consult EASA documentation for complete requirements. (Reg 2019/947 Art. 6)

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15. How do I stay updated on regulation changes? Regulations evolve as drone technology advances. Regularly check EASA's official website and your national aviation authority for updates. Subscribe to newsletters and follow trusted resources like 120mAGL.com for the latest news and guidance.

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Disclaimers and Additional Resources

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  Regulations may change – always verify with official sources.
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  This is educational content – not legal advice.
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  Consult official EASA documentation for complete requirements.
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  Visit 120mAGL.com for related guides and updates on European drone regulations.

By following these guidelines and staying informed, you can enjoy safe and compliant drone operations across Europe. Fly responsibly!