Operational Limitations

Understanding the boundaries of safe and legal drone operations under EASA regulations.

As a drone pilot operating in Europe, understanding operational limitations is critical to ensuring compliance with the European Union Aviation Safety Agency (EASA) regulations and maintaining safety for other airspace users, people on the ground, and your drone itself. This lesson will explore the most essential operational limitations, including maximum altitude, visual line of sight (VLOS) requirements, aerodrome proximity restrictions, no-fly zones, and night flight regulations. These rules apply to most operations in the Open category and form the foundation of safe and legal drone operations in the EU.

By the end of this lesson, you’ll understand not only what the limitations are but also how to apply them in real-world scenarios to operate confidently and responsibly.

Maximum Altitude (120m AGL)

The maximum altitude for drone operations in the EU under EASA regulations is 120 meters above ground level (AGL). This limit is designed to separate drone traffic from manned aviation, which typically operates at higher altitudes.

Key Points:

• Regulation Reference: Reg 2019/947, Article 4(1).
• Exceptions: You may exceed the 120m limit if you are flying within 50 meters of a structure (e.g., a tower or bridge) and have authorization.
• Why It Matters: Staying below 120m prevents conflicts with low-flying manned aircraft and ensures safer operations.

Example Scenario:

Imagine you’re filming a wind turbine inspection. You may fly above 120m only within 50 meters of the turbine, provided you have permission from the relevant authorities. For general flights, always stay below 120m.

Visual Line of Sight (VLOS) Requirements

Under EASA regulations, drone pilots must maintain visual line of sight (VLOS) with their drone at all times. This means you must be able to see your drone with the naked eye, unaided by binoculars or similar devices, to ensure safe navigation and avoid obstacles.

Key Points:

• Regulation Reference: Reg 2019/947, Article 4(1)(d).
• Exceptions: Certain operations in the Specific category or flights using a standard scenario (e.g., STS-01 or STS-02) may allow Beyond Visual Line of Sight (BVLOS), provided you have appropriate authorization.
• Why It Matters: VLOS ensures you can react to unexpected situations, such as avoiding obstacles or other aircraft.

Example Scenario:

You’re flying in a park and lose sight of your drone because it flies behind a tree. This is a violation of VLOS rules. To avoid this, reposition yourself to maintain a clear line of sight throughout the flight.

Flying Near Aerodromes and Airports

Flying near aerodromes or airports presents significant risks due to the potential for conflict with manned aircraft. EASA regulations strictly prohibit drone operations within a specified distance of aerodromes unless specific permissions have been granted.

Key Points:

• Regulation Reference: Reg 2019/947, Article 4(1)(e).
• Restricted Zones: Typically, drones are prohibited within 5 km of airports unless authorized.
• How to Check: Use tools like EASA’s UAS Geographical Zones Map or national aviation authority resources to identify restricted zones.

Example Scenario:

You plan to fly near a small aerodrome for photography purposes. Before proceeding, consult your local aviation authority and obtain the necessary authorization. Without permission, your flight is illegal and poses safety risks.

No-Fly Zones and Restricted Areas

No-fly zones are areas where drone operations are prohibited, such as military installations, critical infrastructure, or national parks. Restricted areas may allow drone flights under certain conditions, such as prior authorization or compliance with specific operational rules.

Key Points:

• Regulation Reference: Reg 2019/947, Article 15.
• How to Identify: Check for UAS Geographical Zones published by your national aviation authority.
• Penalties: Violating no-fly zones can result in significant fines and legal consequences.

Example Scenario:

You plan a flight near a government building. Upon checking the UAS Geographical Zones Map, you discover the area is marked as a no-fly zone. You must choose an alternative location or risk penalties.

Night Flight Restrictions

Night flights are restricted under EASA regulations unless specific conditions are met. In the Open category, night operations are permitted only if your drone is equipped with lights visible from a distance and you can maintain VLOS.

Key Points:

• Regulation Reference: Reg 2019/947, Article 4(1)(f).
• Requirements: Your drone must have adequate lighting for visibility and navigation.
• Why It Matters: Night flying increases risks due to reduced visibility and situational awareness.

Example Scenario:

You are filming a nighttime event. Ensure your drone has functioning navigation lights and maintain VLOS throughout the flight. If visibility is poor or you lose sight of your drone, cease operations immediately.

Key Takeaways

1. Maximum Altitude: Stay below 120m AGL unless flying near a structure with authorization (Reg 2019/947 Art. 4).
2. VLOS: Always maintain visual line of sight unless operating in the Specific category with BVLOS approval (Reg 2019/947 Art. 4).
3. Aerodrome Proximity: Avoid flying within 5 km of airports unless permitted (Reg 2019/947 Art. 4).
4. No-Fly Zones: Always check the UAS Geographical Zones Map for restricted areas before flying (Reg 2019/947 Art. 15).
5. Night Flights: Ensure your drone has navigation lights and maintain VLOS during night operations (Reg 2019/947 Art. 4).

By mastering these operational limitations, you’ll ensure your drone flights are both compliant and safe. Always check your local regulations and use tools like geographical zone maps to plan your flights responsibly.

Ready to dive deeper into drone operations? Continue to the next lesson in your learning path!