Operations Over People: A Comprehensive Guide for Drone Pilots (FAA Category 1-4)

Flying drones over people is a complex and regulated activity under FAA rules, specifically governed by 14 CFR Part 107. If you’re a drone pilot looking to operate legally and safely in the National Airspace System (NAS), understanding the rules for operations over people is critical. This guide breaks down the requirements, explains real-world applications, and offers actionable advice for compliance.

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What You’ll Learn

• An overview of FAA regulations for operations over people.
• Detailed requirements for Categories 1 through 4 operations.
• Practical examples and step-by-step compliance guidance.
• Common misconceptions and challenges faced by drone pilots.
• A compliance checklist and best practices for safe flights.

At 120mAGL.com, we specialize in making FAA regulations accessible and actionable for pilots. Let’s dive into how you can safely and legally conduct drone operations over people.

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Why Are Operations Over People Regulated?

Flying over people introduces unique risks, such as injury from falling drones or malfunctioning equipment. The FAA has established specific rules and categories to ensure public safety while enabling responsible drone operations. These regulations aim to balance innovation and safety, allowing pilots to expand their operational capabilities without compromising public welfare. The regulatory framework for operations over people was introduced as part of the FAA’s final rule for Remote Identification and Operations Over People in 2021, and it remains a critical component of drone integration into the NAS.

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FAA Categories for Operations Over People

The FAA defines four categories of drones that may be operated over people. These categories are outlined in 14 CFR § 107.110–107.140 and are based on the weight, design, and safety features of the unmanned aircraft system (UAS).

Category 1

• Requirements:
• The drone must weigh 0.55 pounds (250 grams) or less, including all attachments.
• No exposed rotating parts that could cause lacerations.
• Restrictions:
• Must comply with Remote ID requirements (14 CFR § 89).
• Practical Applications:
• Ideal for lightweight drones used for recreational purposes, such as aerial photography at public events.
• Example:

A recreational drone pilot using a DJI Mini 3 Pro (weighing under 250 grams) can operate legally over people at a park without additional certifications.

Category 2

• Requirements:
• Drones must meet FAA-accepted means of compliance for injury severity limits.
• No exposed rotating parts capable of causing lacerations.
• Must comply with Remote ID requirements (14 CFR § 89).
• Restrictions:
• Cannot fly over open-air assemblies unless specific conditions are met.
• Practical Applications:
• Suitable for drones used in commercial operations, such as aerial inspections or real estate photography.
• Example:

A real estate photographer flying a drone weighing 2 pounds that meets Category 2 standards can legally operate over prospective homebuyers during an open house.

Category 3

• Requirements:
• Similar to Category 2, but injury severity thresholds differ.
• Cannot operate over people unless they are participating in the operation or under covered structures.
• Restrictions:
• Cannot fly over open-air assemblies.
• Must comply with Remote ID requirements (14 CFR § 89).
• Practical Applications:
• Often used for specialized operations in controlled environments.
• Example:

A drone operator conducting a survey over a construction site can legally operate as long as all individuals are briefed and actively participating in the operation.

Category 4

• Requirements:
• Drones must have an airworthiness certificate issued under 14 CFR Part 21.
• Maintenance and documentation must follow FAA requirements.
• Must comply with Remote ID requirements (14 CFR § 89).
• Restrictions:
• Operations over people must align with the aircraft’s operating limitations outlined in its airworthiness certificate.
• Practical Applications:
• Primarily for drones used in complex commercial operations, such as package delivery.
• Example:

A drone operator delivering packages via an FAA-certified drone can legally fly over people in urban areas as long as the operation adheres to the airworthiness certificate.

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Practical Application: Flying Over People Safely

Scenario-Based Examples

1. What Happens If You Violate the Rules?
   • Example: A drone pilot flies a Category 2 drone over a public festival without complying with Remote ID requirements. The FAA could issue fines and suspend the pilot’s certificate under 14 CFR § 107.13.
2. Example: A Photographer Operating Over a Wedding Crowd
   • A drone photographer with a DJI Air 2S (Category 3) briefs the wedding party and ensures they are aware of the operation. The drone is equipped with safety features, and the pilot complies with Remote ID requirements.

Steps for Compliance

1. Determine Your Drone Category:
   • Check weight and safety features.
   • Confirm compliance with Remote ID requirements.
2. Plan Your Operation:
   • Identify whether your operation involves participants or non-participants.
   • Ensure compliance with restrictions for open-air assemblies.
3. Conduct a Pre-Flight Risk Assessment:
   • Check weather conditions, airspace restrictions, and local ordinances.
   • Verify all equipment is functioning properly.
4. Brief Participants:
   • Inform all individuals involved about the operation and safety measures.
5. Log Your Flight:
   • Maintain records of your operation for future reference.

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Common Misconceptions

Misconception 1: "I Can Fly Any Drone Over People If It's a Recreational Flight."

Reality: Only Category 1 drones (weighing less than 250 grams) are permitted to operate over people without additional restrictions. Recreational pilots operating larger drones must comply with Category 2-4 requirements.

Misconception 2: "Remote ID Isn't Necessary for Operations Over People."

Reality: Remote ID compliance is mandatory for all operations over people as outlined in 14 CFR § 89.

Misconception 3: "I Don’t Need an Airworthiness Certificate for Category 4."

Reality: Category 4 drones require an airworthiness certificate under 14 CFR Part 21, along with proper maintenance and documentation.

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Compliance Checklist

1. Drone Classification:
   • Confirm your drone’s category (1-4).
2. Remote ID:
   • Ensure your drone is equipped with Remote ID capabilities.
3. Safety Features:
   • Verify no exposed rotating parts that can cause injury.
4. Operational Limitations:
   • Avoid open-air assemblies unless specifically allowed.
5. Airworthiness Certificate:
   • If operating a Category 4 drone, ensure you have the proper certification.
6. Flight Planning:
   • Conduct a risk assessment and obtain any necessary waivers.

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Frequently Asked Questions

Q1: Can I fly over a marathon?

A: Only Category 1 drones can operate over open-air assemblies like marathons. For Categories 2-4, you must obtain FAA waivers and comply with all safety requirements.

Q2: Do I need Remote ID for a Category 1 drone?

A: Yes, all operations over people require Remote ID compliance under 14 CFR § 89.

Q3: Can I operate a drone over people without a Part 107 certificate?

A: No, operations over people require compliance with Part 107, including certification and proper drone classification.

Q4: What happens if my drone malfunctions over people?

A: You could be held liable for injuries or property damage. Conducting pre-flight checks and complying with FAA maintenance requirements can mitigate risks.

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Summary and Next Steps

Operating drones over people requires careful adherence to FAA regulations to ensure safety and compliance. By understanding the requirements for Categories 1 through 4, conducting risk assessments, and complying with Remote ID, drone pilots can expand their capabilities while maintaining public trust.

Key Takeaways:

• Know your drone’s category and its specific requirements.
• Always comply with Remote ID rules.
• Avoid operations over open-air assemblies unless permitted.
• Conduct risk assessments and brief participants.
• Maintain compliance with all FAA regulations.

For more detailed information, consult 14 CFR Part 107 and FAA Advisory Circular AC 107-2A. Stay updated with regulations by visiting 120mAGL.com regularly.

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Further Resources

• FAA Advisory Circular AC 107-2A
• FAA Remote ID Rules
• 120mAGL.com Guide to Remote ID
• FAA Drone Zone Registration

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Final Thoughts

At 120mAGL.com, we’re committed to empowering drone pilots with the knowledge they need to fly safely and legally. Remember, compliance isn’t just about following rules—it’s about protecting people, property, and the future of drone operations. Bookmark this guide and check back often for updates and expert advice. Fly responsibly, and always stay below 120 meters AGL!